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https://python.yxzl.dev/A comprehensive Python tutorial covering fundamental concepts including variables, data types, control flow (if, for, while), functions, and object-oriented programming. It includes guides on using the PyPI package manager, virtual environments, and built-in libraries such as os, pathlib, random, and base64, as well as the requests library for HTTP requests.
Path object properties to extract details about a file or directory. To get detailed system statistics (like size and modification time), use the .stat() method. Note that .stat() will raise a FileNotFoundError if the path does not exist.from pathlib import Path
path = Path(__file__)
# Basic checks
print(path.exists()) # True/False
print(path.is_file()) # True if it's a file
print(path.is_dir()) # True if it's a directory
# Path components
print(path.name) # Filename (e.g., 'main.py')
print(path.stem) # Filename without extension (e.g., 'main')
print(path.suffix) # Extension (e.g., '.py')
print(path.parent) # Parent directory
print(list(path.parents)) # List of all parent directories
# System stats
stats = path.stat()
print(stats.st_size) # File size in bytes
print(stats.st_mtime) # Modification timePython supports several fundamental data types:
int: Arbitrary-precision integers (no size limit).float: Floating-point numbers (decimals).str: Strings of characters, enclosed in single (') or double (") quotes. Python does not have a separate 'char' type.bool: Boolean values, either True or False.None: A special type representing the absence of a value.a = 1 # int
b = 3.14 # float
c = 'Hello' # str
d = True # bool
e = None # NoneTypeimport requests as rq
r = rq.get('https://httpbin.org/get')
# Request Information
print(r.request.headers) # Sent headers (dict)
print(r.request.method) # HTTP method (str)
print(r.request.url) # Request URL (str)
print(r.request.body) # Request body (str|None)
# Response Information
print(r.status_code) # Status code (int)
print(r.content) # Raw binary content (bytes)
print(r.text) # Decoded text content (str)
print(r.json()) # Parsed JSON data (dict)
print(r.headers) # Response headers (dict)
print(r.cookies) # Response cookies
print(r.url) # Final URL after redirects (str)
print(r.history) # Redirect history (list)
print(r.encoding) # Response encoding (str)In object-oriented programming, a Class is an abstract template that describes the behavior and state of a group of objects. An Object is a concrete instance of a class.
Key distinctions:
Crucially, objects must be created based on a class; a class remains an abstract template until it is instantiated into an object.
platform module is a built-in Python library used to access identifying information about the underlying operating system and hardware. While the documentation notes that production environments can be complex and results may vary, platform.system() is recommended as a reliable way to determine the operating system type.import platform
# Get general OS and version information
print(f"OS Platform: {platform.platform()}")
# Get specific system details
print(f"System Version: {platform.version()}")
print(f"System Name: {platform.system()}")
print(f"Architecture: {platform.architecture()}")
print(f"Machine Type: {platform.machine()}")
print(f"Network Node Name: {platform.node()}")
print(f"Processor Type: {platform.processor()}")
# Get a comprehensive named tuple of system info
print(f"System Summary: {platform.uname()}")
# Get Python interpreter details
print(f"Python Build: {platform.python_build()}")
print(f"Python Version: {platform.python_version()}")True, and even functions—are objects instantiated from classes. This means they possess methods defined by their respective classes (e.g., strings have the .upper() method).# Basic types are classes
print(type('abc')) # <class 'str'>
print(type(123)) # <class 'int'>
print(type(True)) # <class 'bool'>
# Functions are also objects
def f():
pass
print(type(f)) # <class 'function'>
# Verifying base types are classes
print(str, int, float, bool, list, dict)
# <class 'str'> <class 'int'> <class 'float'> <class 'bool'> <class 'list'> <class 'dict'>while statement repeatedly executes a block of code as long as a specified condition expression evaluates to True. If the expression is not a boolean, Python performs a truthiness conversion (similar to if statements). Once the condition becomes False, the loop terminates.cnt = 0
while cnt <= 3:
print(cnt)
cnt += 1