Learn X in Y Minutes Documentation

Zig is a programming language designed to be a replacement for C. It aims to provide low-level control while fixing many of C's undefined behaviors (UBs).

Key differences from C include:

• Improved Syntax: Reduced ambiguity compared to C.
• Namespaces: Native support for namespaces.
• Error Handling: Uses try and catch mechanisms that are efficient and optional.
• Safer Pointers: The type system distinguishes between pointers to single values and multiple values. Slices (a structure containing a pointer and a runtime-known size) are the preferred way to handle memory access.
• Enhanced Types: Enumerations, structures, and unions can contain functions.
• SIMD Support: Simple access to SIMD operations for vector math.
• Low-level Features: Support for features like packed structures.
• Standard Library: Includes an extensive collection of data structures and algorithms.
• Built-in Cross-compilation: Supports cross-compilation to any OS or architecture by default without external dependencies, utilizing different libc implementations to ease the process.

LiveScript is a functional language that compiles to JavaScript. It uses indentation for blocks and whitespace for function application.

Key Syntax Rules:

• Comments: Use # for single-line comments. Use C-style /* ... */ for multi-line comments (these are preserved in JS output).
• Lack of Value: Use the void keyword (safer than JS undefined) or null.
• Booleans: Supports true/false and aliases on/off or yes/no.
• Numbers: Double-precision floats. You can use underscores for readability (e.g., 12_344) and letter suffixes (e.g., 123km), which are ignored by the compiler.
• Strings: Immutable sequences. Supports single quotes, double quotes, and triple-quoted multi-line strings. Use backslash notation (e.g., \keyword) to encode keywords.
• Arrays: Can be defined with * (indented), square brackets [], or angle brackets <[ ... ]> for space-delimited strings.

void            # same as `undefined` but safer
null            # no valid value

true
false
on
off

12_344km        # underscores and suffixes ignored

"String"
"""Multi-line
   string"""
\keyword        # => 'keyword'

# Array styles
fruits =
  * \apple
  * \orange

fruits = [ \apple, \orange ]

fruits = <[ apple orange pear ]>

CoffeeScript is a language that compiles one-to-one into JavaScript. It aims to produce readable, pretty-printed JavaScript that works in any JS runtime. It uses syntax inspired by modern languages like Ruby and Python.

Key syntax features include:

• Comments: Use # for single-line comments. Use ### for block comments (which compile to /* ... */ in JavaScript).
• Assignment: Variables are assigned using name = value (compiles to var name = value).
• Conditions: Supports inline conditional assignment using value if condition.
• Existence: The ? operator (e.g., elvis?) checks if a variable is defined and not null.
• Ranges: Use [start..end] to create a list of numbers.
• Splats: Use ... in function parameters to capture remaining arguments into an array.

# Single line comment
###
Block comment
###

number = 42
number = -42 if opposite

list = [1..5]

race = (winner, runners...) ->
  print winner, runners